Chinese dialect
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Chinese dialect is a branch of Chinese. China has a vast territory and many Chinese dialects. The "Law of the People's Republic of China on the Standard Language and Characters of the People's Republic of China" promulgated on October 31, 2000 determined that Mandarin Chinese is the standard language of the country. [1] During the development process of the Han society, the differentiation and unification of different processes have occurred, which has gradually led to the emergence of dialects in Chinese.
There are various dialects of modern Chinese, and they are distributed in a wide area. The differences between the dialects of modern Chinese are in all aspects of phonetics, vocabulary, and grammar. Phonetics are particularly prominent. Some domestic scholars believe that most dialects and common languages ​​have certain corresponding laws in phonetics, and there are many similarities in vocabulary and grammar, so they are not independent languages.
Foreign scholars believe that people in different dialects cannot talk to each other, so they are very independent languages, especially the Min dialects. According to the characteristics of dialects, the history of the formation and development of contact dialects, and the results of dialect surveys, the dialects of modern Chinese can be classified.
At present, the Chinese linguistics community has not fully agreed on the classification of modern Chinese dialects. According to the introduction of the Ministry of Education's 2019 "Overview of Chinese Language and Characters", Chinese dialects are usually divided into ten major dialects. [2] namely Mandarin dialects, Jin dialects, Wu dialects, Hui dialects, Fujian dialects, Cantonese dialects, Hakka dialects, Gan dialects, Xiang dialects, and Pinghua dialects. [2-3]
At the same time, in the complex dialect area, some can be further divided into several dialect pieces (also known as sub-dialects), and even subdivided into “dialect pieces”, which can be clearly identified to each location (a certain city, a certain county, a certain dialect). The dialect of a town or a certain village is called a local dialect. Such as Fuzhou dialect, Nanchang dialect, Guangzhou dialect, Changsha dialect, etc.
Chinese name
Chinese dialect
Foreign name
Chinese dialect
Sexual quality
linguistics
Cause of formation
Social, historical, geographical and other reasons
Dialect differences
Phonetics, vocabulary, grammar
table of Contents
1 Chinese dialect
2 Different performance
3 Development history
4 Mandarin dialect
▪ Northeast Mandarin
▪ Beijing Mandarin
▪ Jilu Mandarin
▪ Jiaoliao Mandarin
▪ Central Plains Mandarin
▪ Lanyin Mandarin
▪ Southwest Mandarin
▪ Jianghuai Mandarin
5 Jin Dialect
6 Wu dialect
▪ Fragmentation
7 Hui Dialect
8 Fujian dialect
▪ Min Dongfang dialect
▪ South Fujian dialect
▪ Northern Fujian dialect
▪ Minzhong dialect
▪ Puxian dialect
9 Cantonese dialect
▪ Distribution
10 Hakka dialect
▪ Distribution
▪ Specific area
11 Gan Dialect
12 Xiang Dialect
13 Pinghua
14 Disputes
▪ Jianghuai Mandarin
15 Dialect protection
16 Minority dialects
▪ Dong-Taiwanese
▪ Miao-Yao language group
▪ Tibetan-Burman
Chinese dialect
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There are many factors in the formation of dialects, among which are social, historical, and geographical factors, such as the long-term small-scale peasant economy, social divisions, population migration, and mountains and rivers; there are also factors that belong to language itself, such as language development Imbalance, conflict and mutual influence between different languages, etc. There are various dialects of modern Chinese, and they are distributed in a wide area.
Differential performance
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The differences between the dialects of modern Chinese are manifested in phonetics, vocabulary, and grammar. Among them, phonetics are particularly prominent.
Chinese is divided into seven categories according to dialects: Mandarin dialects and the other six southern dialects. Corresponding to Guangyun, it belongs to the descendants of Middle Ancient Chinese. [4]
Development History
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Chinese linguists have been controversial about the classification of Chinese dialects. Some people divide Chinese into seven major dialects, some people divide it into five major dialects, and some people divide it into six major dialects, eight major dialects, and even ten major dialects. But what everyone agrees is that no matter which way of classification is adopted, the internal users of these "big dialects" sometimes cannot understand each other. In different dialect areas, people's dialect awareness also has certain differences. Chinese dialects can also be divided into many sub-dialects, and the sub-dialects can be further subdivided into a number of small pieces and dialect points.
According to the characteristics of dialects, the history of the formation and development of contact dialects, and the results of dialect surveys, the dialects of modern Chinese can be classified. At present, the Chinese linguistics circles have not fully agreed on the classification of modern Chinese dialects. The Ministry of Education's 2019 "Overview of Chinese Language and Characters" classified Chinese dialects into ten major dialects. [2] The Mandarin dialect is the basic dialect of the modern Han national language, with high internal consistency. Among the dialects of the Chinese language, it has the widest distribution, and its population accounts for about 75% of the total Han population. [5]
According to its language characteristics, Mandarin dialects can be divided into eight sub-dialects: Northeast Mandarin, Beijing Mandarin, Jilu Mandarin, Jiaoliao Mandarin, Central Plains Mandarin, Lanyin Mandarin, Southwest Mandarin and Jianghuai Mandarin.
Mandarin dialect
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Northeast Mandarin
Northeast Mandarin is a branch of Mandarin Chinese, distributed in most of Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning Provinces, the eastern part of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and the northeastern part of Hebei Province. There are more than 170 cities and counties with a population of about 120 million. Northeast Mandarin can be divided into Ji Shen film, Hafu film, Heisong film, and each film can be divided into several small films.
Beijing Mandarin
Beijing Mandarin is a branch of Mandarin. Although the name has the word "Beijing", Beijing Mandarin is not Beijing dialect. It is more accurate to say that Beijing Mandarin is a dialect of the Rehe region. It is mainly distributed in Beijing, Chengde City, Hebei Province, Langfang City, Zhuozhou City, Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Chaoyang City and Lingyuan City, Liaoning Province. It can be divided into three films: Jingshi film, Huaicheng film and Chaofeng film. The population is about 15 million. Three tones and four tones, Gu Rusheng sends flat, up, and down, and relatively uniform. Among them, Luanping County, Hebei Province, which belongs to Beijing's Mandarin District, is the national standard phonetic collection site for Mandarin Chinese.
Jilu Mandarin
Jilu Mandarin is a branch of Mandarin Mandarin dialect, distributed in most of Hebei Province, most of Shandong Province, Pinggu District of Beijing, Guangling County of Shanxi Province, and Ningcheng County of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, with a population of about 90 million. It can be roughly divided into three films: Shiji film, Baotang film, and Canghui film. It can be subdivided into more than a dozen pieces.
The main feature of the Jilu Mandarin area is that most of the four tones are Yinping, Yangping, Shangsheng, and Qusheng. The evolution of voiced consonants in Guping and Gulusheng is the same everywhere. That is to say, the ancient sound of unvoiced initials are now called Yinping, and the voiced initials are now called Yangping; the ancient sounds of unvoiced initials and sub-voiced initials are now pronounced; the ancient sounds of all voiced initials and the ancient voices are now read. Sound; the voiced consonants of ancient entering sound are now pronounced, and the voiced consonants are now pronounced Yangping.
Jiaoliao Mandarin
Jiaoliao Mandarin is a district of Mandarin Chinese dialect, mainly distributed in the Jiaodong Peninsula of Shandong Province, the Liaodong Peninsula of Liaoning Province and the lower reaches of the Yalu River.
In some regions, such as Heilongjiang Province, there are also some dialect islands of Jiaoliao Mandarin.
Jiaoliao Mandarin is divided into Denglian, Qingzhou and Gaihuan films.
Central Plains Mandarin
Central Plains Mandarin is mainly distributed in most of Henan, southwestern mountains, northwestern Anhui, southwestern Shanxi, Guanzhong of Shaanxi, eastern Gansu, eastern Qinghai, southern Tianshan, Xinjiang, etc., a total of 390 counties and cities, the population of Central Plains Mandarin is second only to Southwestern Mandarin. Central Plains Mandarin is divided into Yanhe film, Xuhuai film, Zheng Kai film, Luosong film, Nanlu film, Luoxiang film, Shangfu film, Xinclam film, Fenhe film, Guanzhong film, Qinlong film, Longzhong film , Nanjiang Film and other 13 films.
The typical Central Plains Mandarin and Mandarin have a large gap in initials, vowels and words, and they strictly distinguish the sharp tuan sound. Mainly the ancient voiceless consonants and subvoiced consonants are now called Yinping, and the ancient full voiced consonants are now called Yangping, which is the standard for dividing the Central Plains Mandarin area.
Lanyin Mandarin
Lanyin Mandarin is a branch of Mandarin, which can be divided into four parts: Jincheng, Yinwu, Hexi, and Beijiang. It is distributed in 56 counties and cities in Gansu, Ningxia, northern Uighur Xinjiang, and western Inner Mongolia.
In Lanyin Mandarin, the ancient voiceless initials and the second voiced initials are now read, and the fully voiced initials are now read Yangping. Among them, the four locations of Yongdeng, Gaolan, Gulang, and Tianzhu have no distinction of yin and yang, and only have three tones: Ping Sheng, Shang Sheng, and Qu Tone; in other locations, Yang Ping is in the same tone with Shang Sheng, with only Yin Ping, Shang Sheng, and Qu Sheng Tune.
Southwest Mandarin
Southwestern Mandarin is popular in Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Yunnan, parts of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and other places in southwestern China, as well as in the neighboring western Hunan, most of Hubei, and southern Shaanxi. It is the main language of Myanmar's Kokang abroad, in Laos, Vietnam It is also used by some Han people in other places. Southwestern Mandarin has official status in the first special zone (Kokang) of Shan State, Myanmar, and is one of only three Chinese branches with official status. In addition, the military dialect in the southeast is sometimes regarded as a branch of the southwest mandarin.
Southwest Mandarin is divided into Chuanqian, Xishu, Sichuan, Yunnan, Huguang, and Guiliu.
JAC Mandarin
Jianghuai Mandarin, formerly known as Southern Mandarin and Xiajiang Mandarin; also known as Huai dialect, Jiangbei dialect, and Xiajiang dialect. It is now classified as one of the Mandarin Chinese.
As the standard language of China, Mandarin has been divided into two branches since the Eastern Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties. The North is represented by the Luoyang accent of the Central Plains Mandarin, and the South is represented by the Nanjing accent of the Jianghuai Mandarin. The northern mandarin based on the northern dialect gradually replaced the Nanjing mandarin in the Jianghuai Mandarin as the official standard language of China until the middle of the Qing Dynasty. The Jianghuai Mandarin is distributed in the central part of Jiangsu and Anhui provinces, parts of Hubei, southern Henan, and parts of northwestern Jiangxi. The population is about 70 million, mainly distributed in the Jianghuai area of ​​Jiangsu and Anhui provinces.
From east to west, Jianghuai Mandarin is divided into Tongtai, Hongchao, and Huangxiao, among which Hongchao accounts for the majority of the population.
Jin Dialect
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Jin dialect is the only non-Mandarin dialect in northern China[6]. The Jin-speaking population is about 63.05 million. The Jin-speaking area starts from Taihang Mountain in the east, Helan Mountain in the west, Yinshan Mountain in the north, and Fenwei River Valley of the Yellow River in the south. It is an important birthplace of Chinese civilization.
The most distinguishing feature of Jin dialect from Mandarin is that it retains the tones. The new "Atlas of Chinese Language" names all regional dialects with dialects in the north as "Jin dialects" and separates them from modern Mandarin. Most Jin dialects have five tones, and some areas have six, seven or four tones. Jin dialect's tones have complex tone sandhi phenomena. There are four different ways of devoicing in Jin dialect. Jin dialect has many characteristic words that are quite different from Mandarin and reserved ancient Chinese words.
There are two views on the origin of Jin dialect: one view is that Jin dialect originated from the Qin and Jin dialects, because "Qie Yunxue" "Qin Long then goes to the sound to enter" is in line with the characteristics of modern Jin dialect; another view is that Jin dialect originated from Zhao Wei dialect, because the three capitals of the ancient Zhao Kingdom belong to the Jin dialect today. The Jin-speaking area now has most of the territory of the Jin Kingdom during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Zhao Kingdom during the Warring States Period, as well as the northern part of Korea and the northwestern part of the Wei Kingdom during the Warring States Period. Tang is the ancient name of Jin, and the Jin dialect area is an important production area of ​​Chinese Tang poetry. Jin dialect can basically conform to the regular rhythm.
The main areas of Jin dialect are Shanxi Province, the central and western regions of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, the northern part of Shaanxi Province, most of the northern part of the Yellow River in Henan Province, and the western part of Hebei Province, spanning 175 cities and counties. Jin dialect is located in the Loess Plateau and its geographical environment is relatively closed, which is the reason why Jin dialect is unique in the north. The core areas of Jin dialect are mainly Taiyuan dialect (which has been divided into two schools, the old and the new) and Luliang dialect[6].
Wu dialect
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Wu dialect: also known as Jiangdong dialect, Jiangnan dialect, and Wuyue dialect. The Zhou Dynasty has a long history of nearly three thousand years and a profound heritage. It is distributed in present-day Zhejiang, southern Jiangsu, Shanghai, southern Anhui, northeastern Jiangxi, and northern part of Fujian, with a population of more than 90 million. Wu dialect is one of the seven major Chinese dialects, and the international language code is wuu. From the analysis of history, writing style, and language characteristics, Wu dialect is close to middle ancient elegant dialect, inheriting the neat eight-tone tones and 36-letter frame system of middle ancient Chinese. Modern Wu dialect has more ancient sound elements than Mandarin, and its pronunciation is highly consistent with ancient rhymes such as "Qie Yun" and "Guang Yun".
Wu dialect retains all the voiced sounds, the flat and flat phonology, and some areas retain the sharp tuan sound differentiation, retains more ancient Chinese words and phrases, and has high cultural value. The grammatical structure of Wu language is very different from that of Mandarin. There are tens of thousands of unique vocabulary and many characteristic characters, which are a vivid manifestation of the thinking style, life sentiment and cultural cultivation of Jiangnan people[7].
Fragmentation
Northern Wu dialect: Northern Wu dialect is also called Wu dialect Taihu film. It is the core of Wu dialect, rooted in the typical Jiangnan tradition of creating glorious history and culture. The degree of internal calls in the North Wu film is very high, and it is combined into a Wu language Taihu film. The Taihu Lake is divided into six small pieces.
Southern Wu: There are great differences in Southern Wu, and even some points in the film cannot be called. The voice of Taizhou film is the closest to that of Beiwu. Wuzhou and other places have the possibility to talk with Beiwu. However, the difference between Dongou film and other films is the biggest. Wenzhou dialect has the ancient Baiyue and Chu dialects, so even people in the Wu dialect can hardly understand Wenzhou dialect. The urban dialects of Quzhou City and Shangrao City have more characteristics of Taihu Lake, which are different from the Chuqu dialects in the surrounding countryside. Located between the Manhua district and the Minnan dialect district, Jinxiang Town has a population of 16,000. It is a descendant of the Jinxiangwei Garrison in the early Ming Dynasty and belongs to the Wu dialect of Taihu Lake. There are some dialects with transitional nature between two adjacent areas of Southern Wu.
Western Wu dialect: Western Wu dialect is distributed in southern Anhui, southwestern Jiangsu and northwestern corner of Zhejiang. Xuanwu suffered heavy losses during the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, and the problem of refugees was serious, and only the villages and towns still have Wu dialect.
Hui Dialect
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Huiyu (Hui dialect), namely Wu language-Huiyan Pian, is a Chinese dialect distributed in ancient Huizhou Prefecture, most of Yanzhou Prefecture, and parts of Raozhou Prefecture in the upper reaches of Qiantang River, with a population of about 4.36 million.
Modern Huiyu differentiated from Wu dialect and was excluded from Wu dialect because of its loss of full voiced sound. However, due to its continuous tone sandhi, vowels, syntax and vocabulary close to southern Wu dialects such as Jinqu, it can be attributed to Wu dialect-Huiyan film in a broad sense. Compared with the neighboring Wu dialects and Gan dialects, Hui dialects have both characteristics. For example, the initial consonant system is similar to Gan dialects, while the final system is close to southern Wu dialects.
Huiyu retains many of the characteristics of Middle Chinese, such as the retention of incoming tones, subvoices, and different pronunciations, which are very different from northern Mandarin. Like Wu dialects, Huiyu’s compulsive tone sandhi in sentences is characterized by Another significant difference from Mandarin.
The old Hui dialect used the Huicheng dialect of Shexian County as the representative sound, and the Yanzhou dialect used the original Jian Demeicheng dialect as the representative sound. Due to changes in the administrative center, Tunxi dialect is the representative sound of Hui dialect.
Min Dialect
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Min dialect is one of the seven dialects of Chinese with the most complicated language phenomenon and the biggest internal divergence. Mainly pass through Fujian, Guangdong coastal plain, Taiwan and Hainan four provinces, as well as southern Zhejiang and individual areas in Jiangxi, Guangxi, and Jiangsu provinces. The population is about 80 million.
Distribution: Fujian dialects are specifically prevalent in Fujian Province, Guangdong Province, Hainan Island, Leizhou Peninsula, and other regions.
Number of users: Fujian, Guangdong coastal plains, four provinces of Taiwan and Hainan, southern Zhejiang and three provinces of Jiangxi, Guangxi, Jiangsu, etc., with a population of about 80 million.
Fujian dialect
The Mindong dialect is popular in eastern Fujian Province, and the locals call themselves "Pinghua". Including the lower reaches of the Minjiang River with Fuzhou as the center and the mountainous areas with Fu'an as the center, a total of 18 counties and cities are represented by Fuzhou dialect, Fu'an dialect, Fuding dialect, and Man speaking. The pronunciation of different regions in the Mindong Dialect is very different, and it is very difficult to communicate within the dialect. Therefore, people-to-people exchanges generally use Mandarin with Fujian accent.
South Fujian dialect
Hokkien dialect is commonly known as "Heluo dialect" and "Fulao dialect". The locals call themselves "Vernacular", which is a wide range of traffic. The term "Heluo" originated from the consensus that the ancestors moved south from the Heluo area of ​​the Central Plains, but the specific Heluo area has not been verified. It is inferred that it should be in the current Henan area based on the genealogical records of the surnames in the area. Including 20 counties and cities in Fujian Province centered on Quanzhou, Xiamen, and Zhangzhou. Some of the Fujian dialects spoken in various places outside Fujian Province belong to the southern Fujian dialect. South Fujian dialect is represented by Xiamen dialect, Quanzhou dialect, and Zhangzhou dialect. It was formed during the Yongjia Nandu period in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. It was originally the Central Plains Mandarin (Helo dialect); Zhangzhou dialect was formed during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period and also had a greater influence; including the entire South Fujian The Hokkien dialects in the region and Taiwan are basically derived from Quanzhou dialect and Zhangzhou dialect. In addition, Chaozhou dialect, Leizhou dialect, and Wenchang dialect also have greater influence in eastern Guangdong, Leizhou Peninsula and Hainan Island respectively. [8]
North Fujian dialect
North Fujian dialect is also called "Jianzhou dialect", "Min Yue dialect" and "Jianou dialect". Passing in the northern part of Fujian Province, Jian'ou, Jianyang, Nanping (excluding the urban area), Wuyishan, Songxi, Shunchang (east), Zhenghe, Pucheng (southern) and some villages in Zhouning County, Pingnan County, east of Fujian Province, passing in northern Fujian The vast majority of counties and cities in the region are represented by Jian'ou dialect. Some of the Fujian dialects spoken in various places outside Fujian Province belong to the northern Fujian dialect.
Minzhong Dialect
It travels in Yong'an, Sanming, and Shaxian counties in central Fujian Province, and is represented by the Yong'an dialect.
Puxian Dialect
Passing through Putian and Xianyou on the eastern coast of Fujian Province. It is represented by Putian dialect, Xianyou dialect, and Xinghua dialect.
Cantonese
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The Cantonese dialect is also called Cantonese and Cantonese. Cantonese contains nine tones and six tones, retaining the language characteristics of Middle Chinese. In Cantonese, there are Cantonese films, Siyi films, Gaoyang films, Goulou films, and Wuhua films. [9]
distributed
Cantonese is centered in the Pearl River Delta and is spoken in the Chinese communities in Guangdong, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Hainan, Hong Kong, Macau, North America, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and some countries in Southeast Asia. It is the official language of Hong Kong and Macau.
The number of users exceeds 100 million, most of which are in Guangxi, Guangdong.
Hakka dialect
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The Han Hakka people are distributed in Guangdong, Fujian, Taiwan, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Hunan, Sichuan, Zhejiang and other provinces. Among them, the eastern and northern parts of Guangdong, the western part of Fujian, the southern part of Jiangxi and the southeastern part of Guangxi are the main ones. The Hakka people migrated from the Central Plains to the South. Although their residences are scattered, the Hakka dialects still form their own systems, and the internal differences are not too great. Sichuan Hakka and Guangdong Hakka, Zhejiang Hakka and Fujian Hakka are separated by thousands of mountains and rivers, and they can talk to each other. [5]
Hakka is the official language of Taiwan, and it is also the only Chinese dialect listed as an official language by a foreign country (the Republic of Suriname) except Mandarin. Hakka inherits many of the characteristics of ancient Chinese, such as the complete rhyme ending [-p], [-t], [-k]. It is generally believed that the inheritance relationship between Hakka and the later period of Medieval Chinese (the Tang and Song dynasties shall prevail) is more obvious.
distributed
Hakka dialects are mainly spoken in Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Jiangxi and Sichuan, Hunan, Hainan, Zhejiang, Chongqing, and parts of Taiwan and Hong Kong. The main areas are eastern and northern Guangdong, southern Guangxi, southern Jiangxi, and western Fujian. Guangdong, Fujian and Jiangxi border areas are the most concentrated area of ​​Hakka, and therefore the most popular area of ​​Hakka dialects. Overseas, there are many Hakka speakers in Southeast Asia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, the Philippines, and overseas Chinese and ethnic Chinese in the Americas. The Hakka dialect is also huge, with a total population of over 70 million in the world
Specific area
On the mainland, Hakka is classified according to the Chinese Language Atlas compiled by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the Australian Academy of Humanities. Among them, Taiwan Hakka is generally classified as Cantonese and Taiwanese.
According to the classification of the mainland, the Hakka language can be roughly divided into two types, namely the northern part (Lingbei Hakka phonetic system) and the southern part (Lingnan Hakka phonetic system).
The Hakka language of the northern film is quite different, and it is subdivided into Ninglong film, Yugui film, Tonggu film, Tingzhou film; the southern film is generally divided into Yuetai film, Yuezhong film, Chaozhang film, Yuebei film, a total of eight major films . In the past, Chaozhang films were not named, but Guangdong films were subdivided into Yuezhong films and Huizhou films; now, after re-adjustment, there are still eight films.
Southern film
The southern film mainly includes the Hakka of Guangdong, Guangxi, southeastern Fujian, and Taiwan. The Hakka of Hong Kong, Macau and overseas also belong to the southern film. The vocabulary is quite different from the northern film. There are many native vocabularies and the internal consistency of the vocabulary is relatively high. Generally speaking, the southern area is older than the northern area.
1. Cantonese-Taiwan Films
Cantonese-Taiwan films are representative of mainstream Hakka, mainly distributed in Meizhou, Heyuan, and some counties in eastern Huizhou. Taiwan Hakka is also mostly Cantonese and Taiwanese films. In addition, the Hakka languages ​​(Yahhua, Xinminhua, etc.) in Western Guangdong, Southern Guangxi, Hainan and other places are also subordinate to this piece, which can be called a "small piece of Yahua". Most of the Hakkas in Sichuan and Chongqing also migrated from eastern Guangdong, and they were not much different from Guangdong-Taiwan films. Over time, the Hakka in these places has also been increasingly influenced by the Sichuan dialect.
Two, Cantonese films
Yuezhong films are mainly distributed in Heyuan and parts of Huizhou, and the classification includes Dongjiang local dialect, or Shuiyuanyin.
The Central Guangdong film involves a series of native languages ​​spoken in the upper and middle reaches of the Dongjiang basin, a tributary of the Pearl River, and is mainly distributed in Heyuan and parts of Huizhou.
Special attention is paid to the fact that Huizhou dialect (Huicheng dialect) was originally divided into "Huizhou dialects" separately. In fact, Huizhou dialect is very closely related to Shuiyuanyin.
3. Chaozhang film
Chaozhang films are mainly distributed in Hakka areas bordering South Fujian dialect (including Chaozhou dialect), such as Zhangzhou, Chaoshan, Hailufeng and other areas. The Chaoshan film includes the Hakka languages ​​of Fengshun, Jiedong, Jiexi and other places, which belong to the "Hakka". Features: the vocabulary is influenced by the Chaozhou dialect, and it has a slight tongue curling sound that is different from the Mandarin tongue sound, and a flat tone. Close to Mandarin. Chaoshan small package films are represented by Fengshun Tangkeng dialect; in Thailand, many Chinese speak this Hakka language. In addition, Hailu Xiaopian refers to the Hailufeng Hakka language represented by Luhe dialect and Taiwan Hailuqiang.
Four, northern Guangdong films
Yuebei films are mainly distributed in Shaoguan.
North Film
The northern film mainly includes Hakka languages ​​in Jiangxi, Minxi and other places. The vocabulary of the northern large-scale vocabulary is influenced by Gan, Mandarin, and Hokkien, and it is quite different from the southern large-scale vocabulary. The degree of completeness of the rhyme ending of the entering sound varies from place to place. According to the characteristics of the northern film, it is subdivided into Ninglong film, Yugui film, Tonggu film, and Tingbei film.
1. Tingzhou film
In the original division, the Hakka area of ​​the original Tingzhou Prefecture was broadly classified as "Tingzhou Pian". However, because the accents of the three counties of Shanghang, Wuping, and Yongding in the south are closer to Meixian dialect, Huiyang dialect, etc., they can be classified as "Cantonese and Taiwanese films." The Tingbei film is mainly distributed in the northern part of the original Tingzhou area, including five counties such as Changting, Liancheng, Ninghua, Qingliu, and Mingxi.
2. Ninglong film
The Ninglong film of Ninglong refers to Ningdu County in Jiangxi; the dragon refers to Longnan County of Jiangxi; the Ninglong film is distributed from Ningdu to Longnan, including Ningdu, Xingguo, Shicheng, Ruijin, Huichang, Anyuan, and Longnan. , Dingnan, Jeonnam, Xunwu and other places. The film mainly has Ningshi accent and Sannan accent.
Three, Yu Gui tablets
The Yu in the Gui film refers to Yudu County in Jiangxi; Gui refers to the Guidong County in Hunan; the Yu Gui film is distributed from the capital to the east of Gui, including Yudu, Ganxian, Shangyou, and Dayu. , Rucheng, Guidong and other places. The film mainly has old customer accents.
Four, bronze drum pieces
Tonggu pieces are mainly distributed in Tonggu County and Xiushui County in northwestern Jiangxi and Liuyang City in Hunan Province.
Note: 1. The Hakka language in the New Territories in Hong Kong belongs to the Hakka Cantonese-Taiwan film Xinhui Xiaopian, which is highly similar to the Hakka languages ​​of Shenzhen, Huiyang, and Huidong in Guangdong, and can communicate with other mainstream Hakka languages. Starting in the 1960s, a large number of people from the Hakka area of ​​Guangdong moved to Hong Kong, and they brought the Hakka native to Guangdong. The Hakka of most immigrants can communicate with the Hakka of the New Territories.
2. The overseas Hakka films are mainly Cantonese and Taiwanese films, with a small number of Chaozhang films. Since the Hakka people in Meixian established the Lanfang Republic in Pontianak in the southwestern tip of Kalimantan in the 18th century, the place that belongs to Indonesia today has a Pontianak Hakka language, which is almost different from the mainland Hakka language. There are many Indonesian and local dialects in the Hakka language, which can be divided into one category independently, which can be considered as a branch of the Hakka overseas film.
Gan Dialect
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Gan dialect: Gan dialect, formerly known as Xi dialect, also known as Jiangxi dialect, is the main language used by the Jiangyou Min family of the Han nationality. Formed in the Song Dynasty, it also retains the Rusheng and Jiantuan sounds of Medieval Chinese to a considerable extent. Gan dialect can be divided into nine dialects: Changdu film, Yiliu film, Datong film, Jicha film, Fuguang film, Yingyi film, Leizi film, Dongsui film and Huaiyue film.
Distribution: The used population is mainly distributed in the north-central part of Jiangxi, namely the middle and lower reaches of the Ganjiang River, the Fuhe River Basin, the Xiuhe River Basin and the surrounding areas of Poyang Lake, eastern Hunan and northwest Fujian, southeast Hubei, southwest Anhui, and southwest Hunan. In addition, there are a few Gan dialect islands in Zhejiang and Shaanxi. It can be divided into nine dialects, with Nanchang dialect and Fuzhou dialect as the representative language or standard pronunciation. There is also a relatively high degree of interoperability among the dialects within Gan.
Xiang Dialect
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Xiang dialect, also known as Xiang dialect, is a relatively small dialect in the eight major Chinese dialects. There are many different dialects in Hunan Province, and the Xiang dialect is the most influential one. Xiang dialect is divided into five films: Changyi film, Lou Shao film, Chenxu film, Hengzhou film, and Yongzhou film. The Hunan dialect is prevalent in most parts of Hunan Province and northwestern Guangxi. It is mainly popular in most parts of Hunan Province, with a population of over 25 million.
Pinghua
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Pinghua (Pinghua dialect) is a kind of Chinese dialect in Southwest China. There is no final conclusion on which Chinese dialect belongs to. Some scholars or dialect books classified Pinghua as Cantonese, while others believe that Pinghua is an independent dialect.
The name of Pinghua existed in ancient times, and its meaning is still unknown. The population is more than 2 million. Ping dialect is divided into Guibei Ping dialect and Guinan Ping dialect. Guibei Ping dialect is closely related to Xiangnan dialect and northern Guangdong dialect.
dispute
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JAC Mandarin
Jianghuai Mandarin, also known as Xiajiang Mandarin, Southern Mandarin; formerly known as Huai dialect, Xiajiang dialect, and Jiangbei dialect. Take Yangzhou dialect as the representative. It travels in most areas north of the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province (except for Xuzhou, Suqian, and northern Lianyungang), the areas above Zhenjiang and below Nanjing on the south bank of the Yangtze River; the southern part of the Huai River in Anhui Province, the areas on both sides of the Yangtze River, and the areas along the Yangtze River in Jiangxi Province. Including Nanjing (except southern Lishui and Gaochun), Yangzhou, Huai'an, Yancheng, Taizhou (except Jingjiang), Zhenjiang (except a small part of Danyang and Dantu District), northern Nantong, Lianyungang and parts of Suqian, Hefei, Chizhou, Ma'anshan (Except Bowang District) and places such as Lu'an, Anqing, Wuhu City, Jiujiang, Chuzhou, Xiaogan City and Huanggang City in eastern Hubei. The population is more than 70 million. Compared with northern Mandarin in terms of vocabulary, phonology, etc., Jianghuai Mandarin has significant differences. Therefore, during the Republic of China, Huai dialect was considered to be a Chinese dialect side by side with Cantonese and Wu dialect, rather than a branch of Mandarin. It was not a branch of Mandarin until 1955. It was only classified as Mandarin for the first time so far.
Dialect protection
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Chinese dialect is a regional variant of Chinese. China has a vast territory and many dialects. It is generally believed that Chinese dialects are usually divided into ten major dialects. [2] namely Mandarin dialects, Jin dialects, Wu dialects, Hui dialects, Fujian dialects, Cantonese dialects, Hakka dialects, Gan dialects, Xiang dialects, and Pinghua dialects. [2-3] Among them, Mandarin dialects and Jin dialects are also called "northern dialects", and the other eight dialects can be collectively called "southern dialects". Generally speaking, there are relatively small internal differences in Mandarin dialects, and people who use different Mandarin dialects can talk with each other; Jin dialects and Mandarin dialects, as well as southern dialects, Mandarin dialects, and southern dialects have large internal differences. Southern dialects or Jin dialects and official dialects are used. People with dialects and people who speak different southern dialects often cannot talk.
There are still language differences within a large dialect area, so dialects are subdivided into sub-dialects, and sub-dialects can be subdivided into several native dialects. For example, Min dialect is divided into the following seven districts: Mindong District, Minnan District, Minbei District, Minzhong District, Putian District, Shaojiang District, and Qiongwen District. Southern Fujian can be further divided into four areas: Quanzhang, Datian, Chaoshan and Leizhou. Dialects have a rich cultural heritage. It is the carrier of regional culture, expressing the cultural characteristics of the region; it is also a living fossil of traditional culture, inheriting precious cultural heritage; it is also a cultural form rooted in the folk, with a deep folk cultural soil. The greater the cultural tolerance, the more attractive and influential. Dialects should be cherished and protected. Professor Zhou Haizhong, a famous linguist, believes that language is the carrier and important part of human culture. Each language can express the worldview, way of thinking, social characteristics, culture, history, etc. of the nation where the user belongs, and they are all precious intangible heritage of mankind. When a language disappears, the entire civilization corresponding to it also disappears. Today's weak languages ​​are facing the impact of strong languages, globalization, the Internet, etc., and are in danger of gradual disappearance.
Therefore, government agencies and linguistics should take active and effective measures to rescue endangered dialects and protect vulnerable dialects, so as to inherit regional culture and promote social stability. One point that needs to be particularly pointed out is: Putonghua is only a common Chinese, and is not used to replace other dialects of Chinese. It is important to popularize Mandarin, but we cannot abandon dialects because of this. Being able to speak dialect does not affect the learning and use of Mandarin. Mo Yan's Mandarin may not be very standard, but it hasn't affected his literary prowess in the slightest. There is no contradiction between popularizing Mandarin and protecting dialects. [10]
Minority dialects
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The classification of Chinese minority language dialects is mainly based on the distribution of distinctive language structure features. [8]
Dong-Taiwanese
The birthplace of the Dong-Taiwan language family is in Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangxi, and Guangdong, China. From the perspective of differences in basic vocabulary, the differentiation of the Dong-Taiwan language family can be traced back to 2500 to 3000 years ago. One of the language families of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Also known as Dong-Thai or Dong-Taiwanese. There are 3 language branches: ①Zhuang Dai language branch (also known as Taiwan language branch): including Zhuang, Buyi, Dai, etc. ②Dong-Shui language branch: including Dong language, Shui language, Mulao language, Maonan language, Lajia language, feint language, Mo language, etc. ③Li language branch: including Li language, some people think that Gelao language also belongs to this language family. The Zhuang-Dong language group is distributed in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangdong, Hainan, and southern Hunan. It is also popular in Thailand, Laos, Myanmar, northern Vietnam and Assam in northeastern India, forming a very important language group in Southeast Asia. . The languages ​​of the Zhuang-Dai branch are collectively referred to as Taiwanese in the world. There are more than 23 million people in China who speak Zhuang-Dong languages.
Miao-Yao language group
It is divided into Miao and Yao languages. The Miao language branch includes the Miao language and the Bunu language spoken by some Yao people. The Yao language branch only has the Mian language spoken by most Yao people. The She language spoken by the She people living in Zengcheng, Boluo and other counties in Guangdong Province, China also belongs to this language family, but the language branch is undetermined. The Miao and Yao languages ​​are distributed in China's Guizhou Province, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Yunnan Province, Hunan Province, Guangdong Province, Sichuan Province and Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar and other countries near China. The using population in China is about 9.4 million (1990).
Tibetan-Burman
The Tibetan language is traditionally divided into three dialects: U-Tiang, Khampa, and Amdo. Some scholars have divided the five dialects into northern, eastern, central, southern, and western regions. The distinctive features of Tibetan language dialects not only represent the language The synchronic differences of the variants and the different stages of historical evolution also reflect to a certain extent the influence of the contact relationship between languages ​​on the differentiation of dialects. [8]
Reference
1. Law of the People's Republic of China on the National Standard Language. Guangdong Educational Resources Public Service Platform [reference date 2019-12-29]
2. Overview of Chinese language and writing. Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China [Date of Reference 2019-12-29]
3. Division of Chinese dialects. China Knowledge Network cited date 2019-12-29
4. Language and writing. The website of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China [reference date 2015-06-07]
5. An overview of Chinese dialects. Sohu.com. 2009-02-16[Reference date 2014-11-03]
6. Jinyu. Baidu Encyclopedia[Date of Reference 2019-12-29]
7. Human language: intangible cultural heritage worthy of attention. Seeking Truth Theory Network. 2012-09-06 [Reference date 2014-10-03]
8. The division of dialects of minority languages ​​in my country. Chinese National Literature Network. 2011-08-31 [Reference date 2014-11-01]
9. Dialects are also cultural heritage. China Development Portal. 2012-06-21[Reference date 2014-10-03]
10. Li Lihui, deputy to the National People's Congress: Suggestions on starting to protect dialects as soon as possible. China Daily.com. 2016-03-10[Date of reference 2016-10-14]