Japanese dialect
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Describes the Japanese dialect (Japanese dialect), that is, the regional variant of Japanese (regional dialect).
In Japanese, there are large differences in dialects in each region in terms of vocabulary, grammar, phonology, accents, etc., and when moving or traveling to a different region, it is often difficult to understand the language. Japanese dialects are broadly divided into "mainland dialects" and "Ryukyuan dialects," each of which can be further subdivided (see the division chapter). Since the Meiji era, the establishment and dissemination of standard languages ​​have been promoted based on the Tokyo dialect, and local dialects have come to be viewed negatively as obstructing them. After the Pacific War, the coexistence of standard language (also called "common language") and dialects began to be sought, but in reality, traditional dialects in each region are rapidly declining and deteriorating. (See chapters on history and modern times).
In Japan, the word "dialect" is different from standard and common words such as "menkoi", "interesting", and "batten", and is unique to each region in terms of vocabulary and phrases ("dialect"), or differences in accents and pronunciation (so-called "" It often refers to "blunting"). However, in linguistics, it is common to include all accents, phonology, grammar, etc., and refer to "the entire linguistic system of the community." In other words, the "Tokyo dialect" naturally exists because it is a Japanese system in one area called Tokyo.
table of contents
1 "Language" and "Dialect"
Distribution of two dialects
3 divisions
3.1 Eastern Japanese dialect
3.2 Hachijo dialect
3.3 Western Japanese dialect
3.4 Kyushu dialect
3.5 Ryukyu Islands
3.6 Special dialect
3.7 Third language
4 National dialect overview
4.1 Phonology / Voice
4.1.1 Back Japanese phonology
4.1.2 Vowels are devoiced / dropped
4.1.3 Voiced sound and nasalization
4.1.4 Remaining old sounds
4.1.5 Personality of special beat
4.1.6 Distinguishing between continuous vowel fusion and opening
4.1.7 Narrow vowels
4.1.8 Glottal stop
4.2 Accent
4.2.1 Distribution
4.2.2 Correspondence between dialects
4.2.3 Accent system
4.2.4 History of dialect accents
4.3 Grammar
4.3.1 Verb
4.3.2 Affixes to verbs
4.3.2.1 Cancellation
4.3.2.2 Guess / Will / Solicitation
4.3.2.3 Phase with tense
4.3.2.4 Assumptions
4.3.2.5 Honorifics
4.3.3 Adjectives
4.3.4 Adjectival noun
4.3.5 Particles / Others
4.3.5.1 Affirmative auxiliary verb
4.3.5.2 Case particles
4.3.5.3 Connecting particles
5 History
5.1 Ryukyu dialect branch
5.2 Eastern Old Japanese
5.3 Used / Medieval
5.4 Japanese Great Literature
5.5 Edo period
5.6 Since modern times
6 References
7 footnotes
7.1 Annotations
7.2 Source
8 Related items
9 External links
Language and "Dialect" [edit]
Distribution map of the assertive auxiliary verbs "da", "ja", and "ya"
Distribution map of Yotsugana. The local dialect painted in green is the so-called Zuzuben.
See also "Ryukyu #Language or Dialect"
The mainland dialect and the Ryukyuan dialect diverged before the beginning of the literature era, and there was little traffic after that, so there was a difference that could be heard between foreign languages ​​as far as I could hear. Therefore, there is an idea that the Ryukyu dialect is called "Ryukyu" and that it is a different language independent of the mainland Japanese. In addition, since the dialect differences in each region of the Ryukyu Islands are more significant than in the mainland, the dialects that exist in various parts of the Ryukyu Islands are regarded as separate languages, and the Ryukyu dialect or Ryukyu language is regarded as the "Ryukyu languages" and is a set of different languages. There is also a way of thinking to position it. However, it is clear that there is a correspondence between the languages ​​of the mainland and the Ryukyuan Islands, and even if the Ryukyuan dialect is regarded as a language, Japanese and Ryukyuan (Ryukyuan languages) are not completely unrelated languages, and the Japonic languages ​​(Japonic languages). It is said to be a sister language that constitutes (Japanese).
In the first place, there is no objective way to distinguish between "language" and "dialect", and it tends to be judged by political conditions, the existence of orthography, and the consciousness of the speaker, rather than the size of the language difference. According to a survey of languages ​​in danger of disappearance published by UNESCO in 2009, the Ryukyuan and Hachijo dialects are "appropriate to be treated as independent languages ​​by international standards," and Yaeyama and Yonaguni are described as "independent languages." "Serious danger", Okinawan, Kunigami, Miyako, Amami, and Hachijo were classified as "danger" as independent languages ​​[1].
Ainu, Orok, and Nivkh are also spoken (spoken) languages ​​in the northern part of the Japanese archipelago, but they are not included in the Japonic language family due to their different strains.
Dialect distribution [edit]
In the distribution of vocabulary nationwide, similar vocabulary and phrases exist in remote areas across the center (Kyoto where the capital was once located), and dead languages ​​are distributed in the center. is there. Such a distribution is called "perisphere distribution", and Kunio Yanagita pointed out that the words representing snails are distributed concentrically in "Kagyu Ko" (diction circle theory). On the other hand, the vocabulary was not only propagated from the center, but was also newly created in each region (dialect isolation transition theory). Therefore, the words of the frontier are not necessarily old, and the frontier may have new characteristics (reverse circle theory). In addition, the dialect circle theory holds in the case of completely different word forms such as "maimai" and "dedemushi", which represent snails, and it is presumed that inflections and sound changes from one to the other occurred. In that case, it does not hold. For example, there are some that are thought to have undergone the same changes in remote areas, such as "meboito," "mebo," and "meibo," which represent hordeolum. [2] Other than vocabulary, the consecutive vowels Ai are used as A and A in eastern Japan and Kyushu, but this is because such changes are likely to occur, and the same changes occur even if there is no mutual interaction.
In addition, it is known that some grammatical elements and vocabulary show "east-west distribution". The difference between east and west is that the grammar cancels out "-nai" and "-n", the result states "-teru" and "-toru-choru", and the adjectives "whiten" and "white growl". In the vocabulary, there are "Iru" and "Oru", "Salty" and "Karai", "Yanoasatte" and "Shiasatte" [3]. On the north side, these boundaries are concentrated on the line going south from the vicinity of Itoigawa City, Niigata Prefecture, to the Northern Alps. The National Language Research Committee of the Meiji era also reported in 1908 (Meiji 41) that "Temporary dialects of the whole country were divided into eastern and western dialects. The eastern dialect of the eastern part of this line and the western dialect of the western part of this line are called "Tosuru Kotowoku Ruga Nyoshi". In addition, the Ibi River near the border between Aichi and Mie prefectures is also a large dialect border where the accents change exactly. Examples of vocabulary include "borrow" and "kar", "hiko" and "himago" for great-grandchildren, and those with a boundary between Chubu and Kinki, and "kuro" and "aze" for the shore. , Some of them have a boundary between Kanto and Chubu, such as "Manako" and "Me", which represent eyes [4] (the former is the east and the latter is the west). However, among these east-west distributions, the ones in the east (west) are in some areas of the west (east) rather than the complete east-west confrontation, such as "borrowing" and "being", and the transmission from Kansai to Tokyo described later. Some are distributed [3].
Immigration and exchanges have caused explosive transmission, and sometimes the same word form is used in remote areas. Most of the Hokkaido dialects were brought in by immigrants from Honshu. In addition, many words were brought to Tokyo from Kansai, such as "scary" (horrible), "scales" (scales), "shiasatte" (the day after tomorrow), "karai / shiokarai", "icicles" (icicles), and "kemuri". (Smoke), etc., and are distributed isolated in the vicinity of Tokyo in eastern Japan [5].
As typical distribution patterns, in addition to "perisphere distribution" and "east-west distribution", residual distribution (AB distribution), alternating distribution, confrontation distribution between the Sea of ​​Japan side and the Pacific side, group male division type distribution, and complex distribution are known. Will be [6]. The residual distribution used to be an ABA-type perisphere distribution in which the words A are distributed in the peripheral part and B is distributed in the central part, but one A has declined to become an AB-type distribution [ 6]. Some of the confrontational distributions on the Sea of ​​Japan side and the Pacific side are thought to be derived from different climates, such as "Yukiyake" and "Chiblains" [6].
Category [Edit]
An example of Japanese dialect classification. Larger dialect boundaries are indicated by thicker lines. The difference between the mainland dialect and the Ryukyu dialect is very large, and the internal difference between the Ryukyu dialects is also quite large. The mainland dialect is divided into east and west, but the Hachijo dialect occupies a unique position.
The regional division of a dialect is called a "dialect division". The Japanese dialect division is first divided into the mainland dialect and the Ryukyuan dialect. The dialect divisions vary from scholar to scholar, and the classification below is largely based on Misao Tojo's division plan. In this proposal, the mainland dialect was divided into three dialects: Eastern Japanese dialect, Western Japanese dialect, and Kyushu dialect. Furthermore, the East Japan dialect is the Hokkaido dialect, the Tohoku dialect, the Kanto dialect, the Tokai / Higashiyama dialect, the West Japan dialect is the Hokuriku dialect, the Kinki dialect, the Chinese dialect, the Unhaku dialect, and the Shikoku dialect. It was divided into Satsumi dialects. The Tohoku dialect was further divided into the Northern Tohoku dialect and the Southern Tohoku dialect, the Kanto dialect was divided into the Eastern Kanto dialect and the Western Kanto dialect, and the Tokai / Higashiyama dialect was divided into the Echigo dialect and the Nagano / Yamanashi / Shizuoka dialect and the Gifu / Aichi dialect. ].
The dialect division that Tojo aimed at showed how Japanese was divided internally and what kind of interrelationship each dialect had, based on the difference in the system of the entire dialect. However, it is possible that the dialect will gradually change as you move between regions, and you will not be able to draw clear boundaries. There are certainly boundaries between individual items, such as whether to say "I'm fine" or "I'm fine", or whether or not to pronounce "se" as "see", but each has its own boundaries. Since they have lines (isogloss lines), it is not easy to combine them into one to define dialect boundaries [8]. Therefore, in the dialect section, the systematic differences in grammar, phonology, and accents are more important than the differences in each word. Accents in particular are systematic in their own right. It is said that the difference in accents is reflected in the fact that Tojo drew the boundary between the Eastern Japanese dialect and the Western Japanese dialect between Aichi / Gifu and Mie / Shiga, and separated the Chugoku dialect and the Shikoku dialect. 9].
However, Tojo's section does not specifically indicate how the conclusion was reached. On the other hand, Tsuneo Tsuzuku and Mitsuo Okumura show some indicators used for divisions, such as the nature of vowels and consonants, assertive auxiliary verbs, and differences in imperative endings, and then superimpose them to determine boundaries. Taken. As a result, the Gifu-Aichi dialect was included in the Western Japanese dialect, and the Eastern Kanto dialect was included in the Southern Tohoku dialect in the Tohoku plan. [7] Okumura divides the mainland dialects into two parts, east and west, and further divides the eastern Japanese dialects into Tohoku, northeastern Kanto, northeastern Niigata prefecture and most of Kanto, Tokai Higashiyama (including Gifu and Aichi), and the western Japanese dialects from Hokuriku to northeastern Kyushu. It was divided into the part and the central and southern part of Kyushu. [10] Masanobu Kato evaluated that the Tohoku dialect emphasizes administrative divisions and geographical divisions to some extent, while the Tsutake proposal is free from administrative and geographical divisions regarding the boundaries between the Kanto dialect and the Tohoku dialect. [11]
Haruhiko Kindaichi's theory was quite different from these, and was divided into the inner dialects of Kinki and Shikoku, the middle dialects of Western Kanto, Chubu and China, the outer dialects of Tohoku and Kyushu, and the South Island dialect, which corresponds to the Ryukyuan dialect. Ichi Kaneda sought to emphasize the differences in the more fundamental parts of the language, such as the accent / phonological system and the conjugation system. [12] For example, the paddle steamer dialect is a dialect that does not recognize sokuon, nasal sounds, and long vowels as independent units, and tends to make adjectives useless.
On the other hand, Kunio Yanagita, who advocated the theory of dialect circle, denies the theory of dialect division. Tojo, on the other hand, argues that dialect division theory seeks to see the system of the entire dialect, and that dialect circle theory, which looks only at vocabulary, does not conflict with dialect division theory [13]. In the history of dialect formation, not only the proto-Japanese language diverges into multiple dialects, but conversely, there is a convergence effect due to propagation from the political and economic center, and both are intricately entwined. [14] .. Although dialect division theory captures dialect divergence and regional cohesion, Munemasa Tokugawa points out that the process of dialect formation cannot be ignored from neighboring areas. [13]
Eastern Japanese dialect [edit]
See "Eastern Japanese Dialect" for details
Hokkaido dialect (Hokkaido)
Inland dialect
Coastal dialect
Matsumae dialect (distributed mainly in Matsumae Town, Kaminokuni Town and Fukushima Town)
Donan dialect (distributed in the Watashima and Hiyama regions, centering on Hakodate City, including Nanae Town and Assabu Town inland)
Tohoku dialect
Northern Tohoku dialect
Tsugaru dialect (Tsugaru region, Aomori prefecture)
Shimokita dialect (Shimokita Peninsula, Aomori Prefecture)
Nambu dialect (in the former southern clan territory of Aomori and Iwate prefectures)
Hachinohe Ben (in the territory of the former Hachinohe Domain in Aomori Prefecture)
Morioka dialect (Morioka City, Iwate Prefecture, within the territory of the former Morioka Domain in Iwate Prefecture)
Akita dialect (Akita) (See also Akita dialect grammar, Akita dialect phonology, and Akita dialect accents)
Shonai Ben (in the territory of the former Shonai Domain in Yamagata Prefecture)
Oguni dialect (Oguni Town, Yamagata Prefecture)
Hokuetsu dialect (north of the Agano River in Niigata Prefecture)
Otori dialect / Miomote dialect (Otori, Tsuruoka City, Yamagata Prefecture, Miomote, Murakami City, Niigata Prefecture)
Southern Tohoku dialect
Tourism promotion by Yonezawa dialect
Kesen dialect (Kesen-gun, Iwate Prefecture, Kesennuma City, Miyagi Prefecture)
Southern dialect of Iwate prefecture (southern part of Iwate prefecture, former Sendai domain)
Sendai dialect (Miyagi prefecture)
Yamagata prefecture inland dialect (Yamagata prefecture inland area. See Yamagata dialect)
Murayama dialect (Murayama region centered on Yamagata City)
Shinjo dialect (Mogami region centered on Shinjo city)
Okitama dialect (Okitama region centered on Yonezawa city)
Fukushima dialect (Nakadori, Fukushima Prefecture)
Hamadori dialect (Hamadori, Fukushima Prefecture)
Aizu dialect (Aizu, Fukushima Prefecture)
Kanto dialect
Eastern Kanto dialect (included in Tohoku dialect depending on scholars)
Ibaraki dialect (Ibaraki prefecture)
Tochigi dialect (Tochigi prefecture, excluding Ashikaga city and Sano city area)
Western Kanto dialect
Ashikaga dialect / Ryomo dialect (near Ashikaga City, Tochigi Prefecture)
Gunma dialect / Joshu dialect (Gunma prefecture)
Saitama dialect (Saitama prefecture. The eastern part is close to the Eastern Kanto dialect)
Chichibu dialect
Boso dialect (Chiba) (intermediate zone between Western Kanto dialect and Eastern Kanto dialect)
Tosoben (Eastern Chiba Prefecture)
Bōshu dialect (southwestern part of Chiba prefecture)
Tama dialect (Tama area in Tokyo and its surroundings)
Kanagawa dialect (Kanagawa prefecture)
Yokohama Ben (center of Yokohama City, Kanagawa Prefecture)
Sagami Ben (former Sagami Province, Kanagawa Prefecture, excluding former Yokohama city area and western Tsukui District)
Gunnai dialect (Gunuchiho, Yamanashi Prefecture, western Tsukui District, Kanagawa Prefecture)
Tokyo dialect / Tokyo dialect (Tokyo 23 wards)
Edo dialect / Edo dialect / Shitamachi language (Shitamachi, Tokyo)
Yamanote dialect (Tokyo Yamanote)
Metropolitan dialect (a new dialect established by fusing the common language and the Western Kanto dialect including the Tokyo dialect)
Tokai Higashiyama dialect
Echigo dialect (Echigo, Niigata Prefecture)
Chuetsu dialect (Chuetsu Echigo)
Niigata Ben vending machine that can be used immediately
Niigata dialect (area centered on Niigata city)
Nagaoka dialect (area centered on Nagaoka city)
Southern Chuetsu dialect (Uonuma region)
Okushinano dialect (Sakae Village, Nagano Prefecture)
Joetsu dialect (western Echigo)
Joetsu dialect (Joetsu region)
Itoigawa Ben (excluding Itoigawa City and former Oumicho)
Akiyamago dialect (Tsunan Town, Niigata Prefecture, Akiyamago, Sakae Village, Nagano Prefecture)
Nagano / Yamanashi / Shizuoka dialect
Nagano dialect / Shinshuben (Nagano)
Okushinano dialect (Sakae village)
Hokushin dialect (Nagano (excluding the southern end), Hokushin area (excluding Sakae village))
Higashishin dialect (Ueda, Saku area, southern Nagano area)
Nakanobu dialect (Northern Kamiina (north of Otagiri River), Suwa, Matsumoto, Northern Alps area)
Nanshin dialect (Kiso, Nanshinshu area, southern part of Kamiina area (south of Otagiri River))
Yamanashi dialect
Koshu dialect (Kuninaka region, Yamanashi prefecture)
Narada dialect (Narada, Hayakawa Town, Yamanashi Prefecture)
Shizuoka dialect
Izu dialect (Izu Peninsula, Shizuoka Prefecture)
Suruga dialect (Middle East, Shizuoka Prefecture)
Ikawa dialect (around the former Ikawa village in Shizuoka prefecture)
Enshu dialect (former Totomi province, Shizuoka prefecture)
Northern Izu Islands dialect (north of Mikurajima in the Izu Islands, Tokyo)
Gifu-Aichi (Gear) dialect (included in Western Japanese dialect depending on scholars)
Mikawa dialect (former Mikawa province, Aichi prefecture)
Owari dialect / Nagoya dialect (broad definition) (former Owari country in Aichi prefecture)
Nagoya dialect (narrow sense) (near Nagoya city)
Chita dialect (Chita Peninsula)
Mino dialect (former Mino province in Gifu prefecture (excluding the northern part))
Hida dialect (former Hida country in Gifu prefecture, northern Mino country)
Hachijo dialect [edit]
Hachijo dialect (Hachijojima and Aogashima. The characteristics of the ancient Eastern Old Japanese are strongly preserved)
Daito Islands dialect (Daito Islands, Okinawa Prefecture)
Western Japanese dialect [edit]
See "Western Japanese Dialect" for details
Hokuriku dialect
Sado dialect (Sado City, Niigata Prefecture)
Western end dialect (former Oumi Town, Itoigawa City, Niigata Prefecture)
Toyama dialect / Echinaka dialect (Toyama prefecture)
Kure Eastern Dialect (Eastern Toyama Prefecture)
Uozu Ben (near Uozu City, Toyama Prefecture)
Kure West Dialect (Western Toyama Prefecture)
Gokayama dialect (Gokayama)
Noto dialect (former Noto country in Ishikawa prefecture)
Kaga dialect (former Kaga country in Ishikawa prefecture)
Kanazawa dialect (near Kanazawa City, Ishikawa Prefecture)
Shiramine dialect (Shiramine, Hakusan City, Ishikawa Prefecture)
Komatsu Ben (near Komatsu City, Ishikawa Prefecture)
Fukui dialect (Reihoku, Fukui Prefecture)
Okuetsu dialect (Ono City, Fukui Prefecture, Katsuyama City)
Kinki dialect
Reinan dialect (Reinan, Fukui Prefecture)
Wakasa dialect (Wakasa, Fukui Prefecture)
Takahama Ben (Takahama Town, Fukui Prefecture)
Tsuruga Ben (Tsuruga City, Fukui Prefecture)
Omi dialect / Shiga dialect / Shiga dialect (Shiga prefecture)
Hubei Ben (Nagahama City, Shiga Prefecture, Maibara City)
Mie dialect (Mie prefecture)
Ise dialect (formerly Ise country in Mie prefecture)
Shima dialect (former Shima country in Mie prefecture)
Iga dialect (formerly Iga province, Mie prefecture)
Kyoto dialect / Kyoto dialect (southern Kyoto prefecture, broad sense)
Kyoto dialect (Kyoto city, narrow sense)
Machikata language (Townsman language in the city center. Subdivided by occupation and district, such as Chukyo language and Hanamachi language)
Gosho language (a word that was once used in the palace. It was inherited at some monzekis after the Meiji era)
Minamiyamashiro dialect (Minamiyamashiro, Kyoto Prefecture)
Osaka dialect (Osaka prefecture, in a broad sense)
Settsu dialect (formerly Settsu country, straddling northern Osaka prefecture and southeastern Hyogo prefecture)
Osaka dialect (Osaka city, narrow sense)
Senba language (Osaka city Senba merchant language)
Senshu dialect (formerly Izumi Province, Osaka Prefecture)
Kawachi dialect (former Kawachi province, Osaka prefecture)
Nara dialect / Yamato dialect (Nara prefecture)
Oku-Yoshino dialect (southern Yoshino-gun, Nara Prefecture)
Kishu dialect / Wakayama dialect (formerly Kii province, straddling Wakayama prefecture and Higashi Kishu in Mie prefecture)
Tanba dialect (formerly Tanba Province, straddling central Kyoto and eastern Hyogo)
Maizuru dialect (Maizuru City, Kyoto Prefecture)
Banshu dialect (former Harima province, Hyogo prefecture)
Kobe dialect (Kobe City, Hyogo Prefecture)
Awaji dialect (Awaji Island, Hyogo Prefecture)
Kansai dialect (a new dialect in which the common language and various dialects of Kansai are mixed, centering on the Osaka dialect)
Dialect catch phrase for tourists (Yabu City, Hyogo Prefecture)
Chinese dialect
Higashiyama Yin dialect
Tango dialect (former western part of Tango province, Kyoto prefecture)
Tajima dialect (former Tajima country in Hyogo prefecture)
Tottori dialect / Tottori dialect (formerly Inaba province, Tottori prefecture)
Kurayoshi dialect (former eastern part of Hoki province, Tottori prefecture)
Higashiyamayo dialect
Okayama dialect (Okayama prefecture)
Mimasaka valve / Sakushu valve, Bizen valve, Bizen valve
Bingo dialect (former Bingo country in Hiroshima prefecture)
Fukuyama dialect (near Fukuyama City, Hiroshima Prefecture)
West Chinese dialect
Hiroshima dialect / Aki dialect (former Aki province in Hiroshima prefecture)
Yamaguchi dialect / Choshu dialect (Yamaguchi prefecture)
Iwami dialect (former Iwami province, Shimane prefecture)
Umpaku dialect
Yonago dialect / Hoki dialect (Western part of Hoki province, Tottori prefecture)
Izumo dialect (former Izumo province, Shimane prefecture)
Oki dialect (formerly Oki province, Shimane prefecture)
Warning sign for children in dialect (Awa City, Tokushima Prefecture, meaning "don't play")
Shikoku dialect
Northern Shikoku dialect
Awa dialect / Tokushima dialect (Tokushima prefecture)
Sanuki dialect (Kagawa Prefecture)
East Sanuki dialect, Seisan dialect, Shodoshima dialect
Iyo dialect (most of Ehime prefecture)
Matsuyama Ben, Imabari Ben, Ozu Ben, Yawatahama / Sanpei Ben (also known as Nishiuwa Ben), etc.
Southern Shikoku dialect
Tosa dialect (most of Kochi prefecture)
Southwestern Shikoku dialect
Uwajima dialect (southwestern part of Ehime prefecture centered on Uwajima city)
Hata dialect (former Hata-gun, Kochi Prefecture)
Kyushu dialect [edit]
(Some scholars include it in the Western Japanese dialect)
See "Kyushu Dialect" for details
Hounichi dialect
Ryoho dialect
Fukuoka Prefecture Buzen dialects (formerly Buzen Province, Fukuoka Prefecture)
Kitakyushu Ben (Kitakyushu City, Fukuoka Prefecture)
Chikuho dialect (Chikuho, Fukuoka Prefecture)
Oita dialect (most of Oita prefecture)
Hyuga dialect / Miyazaki dialect (most of Miyazaki prefecture)
Hichiku dialect
Chikuzen dialect (formerly Chikuzen Province, Fukuoka Prefecture)
Hakata dialect (a wide area of ​​the Fukuoka metropolitan area centered on the Hakata area of ​​Fukuoka City)
Fukuoka dialect (Fukuoka, Fukuoka City)
Munakata dialect (around Munakata City, Fukuoka Prefecture)
Hita dialect (Hita City, Oita Prefecture)
Chikugo dialect (former Chikugo province, Fukuoka prefecture)
Kurume dialect / Kurume dialect (near Kurume City, Fukuoka Prefecture)
Yanagawa dialect (in the territory of the former Yanagawa domain in Fukuoka Prefecture)
Omuta dialect (Omuta City, Fukuoka Prefecture)
Saga dialect (Saga prefecture)
Saga dialect (in the former Saga domain)
Karatsu dialect (in the former Karatsu domain)
Tashiro Ben (former Tsushima feudal territory)
Nagasaki dialect (mainland Nagasaki)
Sasebo dialect (Sasebo City, Nagasaki Prefecture)
Iki dialect (Iki City, Nagasaki Prefecture)
Tsushima Ben (Tsushima City, Nagasaki Prefecture)
Goto Ben (Goto Islands, Nagasaki Prefecture)
Kumamoto dialect (Kumamoto prefecture)
Kagoshima dialect
Kagoshima dialect (Kagoshima prefecture excluding Amami region)
Morokata dialect (former Morokata district in Miyazaki prefecture)
Tanegashima valve
Yakushima Ben
Karaimo standard language (a new dialect that mixes common language and Kagoshima dialect)
Ryukyu Islands [edit]
Ryukyu dialect / Ryukyu language / Ryukyu languages
Northern Ryukyuan dialect
Amami dialect / Amami language
Amami Oshima dialect / Shimayumuta
Northern Amami Oshima dialect (northern Amami Oshima)
Southern Amami Oshima dialect (Southern Amami Oshima, Kakeromajima, etc.)
Kikaijima dialect / Shima Yumita (Kikaijima)
Tokunoshima dialect / Shimayumita (Tokunoshima)
Kunigami Languages ​​Northern Okinawa Dialects / Kunigami
Okinoerabujima dialect / Shimamuni (Okinoerabujima)
Yoron Island Dialect / Yoron Futuba (Yoron Island)
Northern Okinawa dialect / Yanbarukutuba (Northern Okinawa main island, Iheya island, Izena island, etc.)
Okinawa dialect / Okinawa language / Uchinaguchi (South central Okinawa, Kerama Islands, Kumejima, Tonakijima, Agunijima, etc.)
Southern Ryukyu dialect
Miyako dialect / Miyako language / Myakufutsu
Miyakojima dialect
Irabu Island dialect
Tarama Island dialect
Yaeyama dialect / Yaeyama language / Yaimamuni
Ishigaki Island dialect
Taketomi Island dialect
Kuroshima dialect
Kohama Island dialect
Aragusuku dialect
Iriomote Island dialect
Hatoma Island dialect
Hateruma Island dialect
Yonaguni dialect / Yonaguni language / Dunanmuni (Yonaguni Island)
Uchina Yamatoguchi (a new dialect whose mainland common language has changed due to the interference of the native Okinawan dialect. It is not included in the Ryukyu dialect)
Special dialect [edit]
Baby talk
Youth language
Gal language (Shibuya Ben)
Manual keigo
KY language
Men's
Women's
Wife's words
Onee words
Old man
Beach language
Japanese sign language dialect
Third language [edit]
When the languages used in Japan are divided into Japanese (including the Ryukyuan dialect) and Ainu, a dialect that is intentionally defined as neither of them is called the "third language". There is.
Sanka
The language used by Yamako. It is also called a type of encryption.
Matagi words
The language used by Matagi. Contains many loanwords from the Ainu language.
Bonin English
Pidgin language used by Western islanders living in the Ogasawara Islands. Words derived from English are used based on the Hachijo dialect. Ogasawara Creole Sometimes called Japanese [15].
Kesen
In the study of developing and constructing a grammatical system for the dialect of the Kesen district (formerly Kesen-gun) in Iwate prefecture and regarding it as an independent language, this dialect is called Kesen dialect. It has been pointed out that the dialects of this region are influenced by the language of ancient Ezo.
Overview of national dialects [edit]
Here, the mainland dialect is mainly described, and the Ryukyuan dialect is described very briefly.
Phonology / Voice [Edit]
The mainland dialects can be broadly divided into front Japanese dialects, back Japanese dialects, and Satsumi (Kagoshima) dialects according to their pronunciation characteristics [16] [17]. Table Japanese dialects have a phonological system close to that of a common language. The Ura-Japanese style phonological system is distributed mainly in the Tohoku region, in the coastal areas of Hokkaido, northern Echigo in Niigata prefecture, northeastern Kanto (Ibaraki and Tochigi prefectures), and in the Izumo region of Shimane prefecture. Its characteristics are that the vowels of the i-dan and u-dan become central vowels, and that d is narrow and close to i. The dialects of Chiba prefecture, eastern Saitama prefecture, and central Echigo, Sado, Toyama, and Ishikawa prefectures in the Kanto region are between the back Japanese style and the front Japanese style. The Kagoshima dialect is in opposition to the other dialect in that it has many syllables (closed syllables) that end with consonants due to a large number of vowels being dropped. The dialects of Kyushu other than the Kagoshima dialect are between the Kagoshima dialect and the Japanese style.
Apart from this, there is a conflict between Kinki / Shikoku (Hokuriku) and other areas. The former is an area with Keihan style accents, but in this area, in addition to accents, "tree" is pronounced in two beats by extending one syllable word such as "kii" and "eye" as "mee". In addition, there is a common point that the fusion of consecutive vowels such as "red" → "ake" does not occur.
In addition, western Japan (excluding Kyushu, Sanin, and Hokuriku) tends to pronounce vowels strongly and consonants weakly, while eastern Japan and Kyushu tend to pronounce consonants strongly and vowels weakly. According to Yoshio Mase et al., The elements of grammar-related conflict between East and West are related to this. [18] That is, the assertive auxiliary verbs are "da" in eastern Japan, "ja" and "ya" in western Japan, and the difference in vowels and adjectives (in eastern Japan, "white", "dropped", "paid", in western Japan. "White", "dropped", "paid") are also considered to be due to the predominance of consonants in eastern Japan and the predominance of vowels in western Japan.
Back Japanese phonology [edit]
The common language, the i-dan vowel, is the sound in which the tongue is the most forward in the mouth, and the u-dan vowel is the sound in which the tongue is the most backward. However, the position of the tongue is closer to the center, and the sound is a little muffled as an auditory impression, that is, the central vowels [ï] and [ɯ̈], and the phenomenon that the pronunciations of I-dan and U-dan approach each other is It is distributed in the coastal areas of Hokkaido, the entire Tohoku region, northern Echigo in Niigata prefecture, Tochigi prefecture, Ibaraki prefecture, western Hoki in Tottori prefecture, and Izumo in Shimane prefecture [19] [20]. In addition, there are some such phenomena in Chiba prefecture, eastern Saitama prefecture, Toyama prefecture, Ishikawa prefecture, and Reihoku prefecture in Fukui prefecture. In particular, the phenomenon that the distinction between shi and su, chi and tsu, and di and zu is lost is the coastal area of ​​Hokkaido, most of the Tohoku region north of northern Fukushima prefecture, northern part of Echigo, Niigata prefecture, and part of Toyama prefecture.・ It is distributed in Izumo, Shimane Prefecture (there is a distinction in the eastern Kanto region) [21]. In Izumo and Yonago City, Tottori Prefecture, most of the U-step sounds except "ku", "gu", and "fu" are pronounced as [ï] without distinguishing them from the i-step sounds. However, in recent years, it is only in the elderly that there is no distinction between these four pseudonyms, and in many young people, the middle tongue pronunciation itself is lost and the pronunciation is the same as the common language [21].
In addition, in the coastal areas of Hokkaido, Tohoku, East Kanto, Hokuriku, Izumo, etc., the sound of E-dan is closer to I-dan than the common language so that it almost overlaps with these areas. That is, it is narrower than the common word [ɛ˔] and is the cardinal vowel e. In particular, i and d with a single vowel beat are indistinguishable in southern Hokkaido, most of Tohoku, eastern Kanto, central Echigo north, most of Toyama prefecture, part of Ishikawa prefecture, Izumo of Shimane prefecture, and Oki islands. It is pronounced by e] [e˔] etc. [22]. However, since the I-dan vowels in these areas are central vowels [ï], it is considered that the phoneme i / i / is missing in the single vowel beat. In the northern part of the Tohoku region and on the Sea of ​​Japan side, there was a distinction between the middle-aged and the elderly (as of 1986), even though there was no distinction between a and d. [22]
Furthermore, in the Tohoku region on the Sea of ​​Japan side / northern end, northern Nagano, Hokuriku, and Sanin, the common word U-dan sound becomes O-dan sound to a large extent [23].
The U-dan vowel is slightly closer to the central vowel than u in the Tokyo dialect and has a weaker roundedness, but in the Western Japanese dialect (excluding Hokuriku and Unhaku) and the Kyushu dialect, the lips are rounded and the back tongue vowel [ Pronounced in u] [19].
Vowel devoicing / dropping [edit]
In the Western Japanese dialect, vowels are pronounced clearly. On the other hand, in the Tokyo dialect, i and u are devoiced when they are sandwiched between unvoiced consonants or when they come to the end of a word immediately after an unvoiced consonant. For example, i for "kiku" and u for "desu" are devoiced. Such devoicing is popular in Eastern Japanese and Kyushu dialects, but less in Western Japanese dialects. A closer look shows that devoicing is popular in southern Tohoku, Kanto, Hokuriku, near Izumo, and Kyushu, and in Tokai, Kinki, Shikoku, and Chugoku (excluding near Izumo), there is little devoicing [24] [25].
In the Kagoshima dialect, i and u at the end of the word are dropped to become a sokuon, and there are many "words ending with a consonant", which is rare in Japanese. "Writing" and "persimmon" are pronounced like "ka", and "neck", "mouth" and "shoes" are pronounced like "ku". This sokuon is a closed sound that does not burst the consonants, but sometimes it becomes a glottal stop [ʔ] and does not become an independent beat. Also, in all Kyushu dialects, the sound repellency of ni-nu-no-mi-mu-mo at the end of words such as "dog-> in" and "demon-> on" is popular.
Voiced and nasalized [edit]
In the coastal areas of Hokkaido, the entire Tohoku region, northern Echigo in Niigata prefecture, most of Ibaraki prefecture, northern Tochigi prefecture, and northern Chiba prefecture [26], voiced sound occurs in the middle and end of words. .. For example, there is an example in which "target" is pronounced as [mado] and "persimmon" is pronounced as [kagi]. However, this is a phenomenon that occurs when the vowels before and after the consonant are pronounced without being devoiced, and there are differences depending on the word, region, and individual. There is also a tendency for voiced sound in northern Nagano, northern Gifu, northern Ishikawa, and northern Fukui.
On the other hand, in the coastal area of ​​Hokkaido [27], most of the Tohoku region, and the northern part of Echigo, the dakuon in the common language (the line, da line, and ba line) is pronounced with a nasal sound just before it. , It is distinguished from the voiced sound of Kiyone (eg [mado] <target>, [ma ̃do] <window>). In addition, the moth consonant becomes a nasal sonant [ŋ] (example: [kaŋami] <mirror>). On the other hand, in Kochi Prefecture and the southern part of the Kii Peninsula, a nasal consonant appears just before the moth line, and the consonant is [g] instead of [ŋ] (example: [ka ̃gami]). In Kochi prefecture, there is a nasal nasal just before the line Da, and in the southern part of Wakayama prefecture, there is a nasal nasal just before the line Za and Da. [28]
Even in the central language, until the early Edo period, it is thought that the current voiced sound was accompanied by a nasal sound immediately before, and the pronunciation that remains in various dialects is also considered to be a remnant of that. At present (as of 2002), the decline has progressed and nasalization is mostly limited to the elderly, and in the southern Tohoku region, there are few elderly people who have nasalization. [28] Since the voiced sound of the Ka and Ta lines is maintained even in the younger generation, the voiced d of t and the original d may be pronounced the same.
Ga line nasal sonants are distributed not only in Tohoku but also in a wide range east of Kinki, and it has been the standard pronunciation in Japanese to pronounce the ga line consonant in the middle and at the end of the word as [ŋ]. However, in recent years, middle-aged and younger people have tended to lose their nasal sonants, especially in Kyoto, Osaka, and Hokkaido. [29] On the other hand, most of Niigata / Gunma / Saitama and Aichi, China / Kagawa / Ehime / Kyushu have no nasal sonants, and there is a plosive g or fricative at the end of the word. [30].
Remaining old sounds [edit]
In addition to the dakuon nasalization, there are areas in each region where the old pronunciation that was once used in the center remains.
Areas that pronounce the common language Se for She and Ze for Je are distributed in the Tohoku region, in places in western Japan, and almost all over Kyushu (in Tohoku, She also becomes Hee) [19] [30] .. This kind of pronunciation was also made in Kyoto in the early Edo period, and it seems that Se Ze is a pronunciation that spread from the Kanto region.
In the central language until the early Edo period, Ha line was pronounced as fa, fi, fu, fe, fo using ɸ, but after that it became [h] except for fu (hi is ç). However, in dialects such as the northern part of the Tohoku region and Izumo, Shimane prefecture, [ɸ] still appears in the ha line consonant. Going back further, in the Nara period or older times, the Ha line consonant was said to have been [p], and even now, the Ha line consonant [p] remains in some Ryukyuan dialects. Ikawa and Hachijojima in Shizuoka Prefecture also have a p at the beginning of the word, but it is believed that the p at the beginning of the word was caused by a new change [31], and the p at the beginning of the word is also a strong prefix before the Ha line sound at the beginning of the word. It is thought that it became p because of the addition of the diction "Oh-", and then the prefix was omitted. [32]
The common words "kuwa" and "guwa" are no longer distinguished from "ka" and "ga", but the area where they are pronounced kwa and gwa to distinguish them according to the historical Kanazukai is the Tohoku Sea of ​​Japan. It remains in various places such as the side and Kyushu.
There is no distinction between "ji" and "ji", and "zu" and "zu" in the common language, but they were distinguished in the central language until the Middle Ages. Even in the current dialect, there are areas that distinguish between Narada, Yamanashi Prefecture, the southern part of the Kii Peninsula, Kochi Prefecture, and the Kyushu region. For example, in Kochi prefecture, "Fuji" is [ɸuʒi], "Fuji" is [ɸu ̃di] to [ɸu ̃dʒi], "Kuzu" is [kuzu], and "Kuzu". Is pronounced as [ku ̃du] ~ [ku ̃dzu] [19] [30]. Regarding these Kiyone, there is a tendency to pronounce chi as [ti] and tsu as [tu] in Kochi prefecture, and as tsu as [tu] in Kyushu, leaving old Japanese sounds [30]. (See Yotsugana for details). However, there is a theory that points out the influence of the stratum language on this pronunciation characteristic [33].
In addition, before the war, the beginning of the word "e" was pronounced "ye" throughout Kyushu. [34]
These ancient sounds have tended to decline in recent years. In particular, the distinction between [ɸ] and "ji, ji, zu, zu" in the ha line consonant is currently (as of 2002) only recognized by the oldest speaker, and also the gotoon kwa, gwa, and she je. It is declining. [28]
Character of special beat [edit]
In northern Tohoku and southern Kyushu, sokuon (tsu), nasal (n), and long vowel (-) are not counted independently as accent units. In these areas, syllables are the unit rather than mora (beats). For example, "school newspapers" are divided into four units, "gakko shin bun". Such a dialect is called the Shirabeam dialect. In the northern part of Tohoku, sokuon, nasal sounds, and long vowels are pronounced shorter than common words. In southern Kyushu, long vowels are short, but sokuon and nasal sounds are pronounced with the same length as common words. However, in southern Kyushu, the unit of accent cannot be used for long vowels, sokuon, and syllabary. Even in the old central language, special beats (sokuon, narration, long vowel) seem to have weak independence.
In areas other than northern Tohoku and southern Kyushu, the unit is mora (beat), and the "school newspaper" is regarded as eight beats of "ga-ko-shi-n-bu-n". Such a dialect is called the Mora dialect. Of these, in Tokyo and other places, the accent does not drop immediately after the special beat, but in central Kinki, the accent can drop immediately after the special beat.
Distinguishing between continuous vowel fusion and opening [edit]
The fusion of consecutive vowels, such as "no" for "ne" and "cold" for "sami", is popular in Eastern Japanese, Chugoku, and Kyushu dialects, and almost always occurs in the Hokuriku, Kinki, and Shikoku dialects. Absent. The consecutive vowels ai are fused in most of eastern Japan, China, and Kyushu, but there are many variations depending on the region, such as eː, ɛː (ah), æː (ah), and aː [25] [19]. Taking "nothing" as an example, it would be "ne", "nea", "nae", and "naa". When ai becomes ɛː or æː, it is distinguished from eː which is a fusion of ei, but in Tokyo, both become eː and there is no distinction. In addition, the vowels oi and ui have a narrower fusion area than ai, but in western Kanto, Chubu, China, Kyushu, etc., oi becomes eː like "slow" → "Oi", and " Ui becomes iː like "cold" → "sami" [25]. In most parts of Kyushu, oi becomes iː, and in the vicinity of Nagoya city, oi becomes öː and ui becomes üː.
On the other hand, the vowel ei, including the common language, is often eː, but it does not merge in parts of the southern part of the Kii Peninsula, Kochi / Ehime, Kyushu, Toshima in the Izu Islands, and Hachijojima Mine. There are [30] [19] [35].
In the Middle Ages, the vowels au, ou, oo, and eu of the old age became ɔː (oh), and ou, oo, and eu were pronounced as oː. The changed sound of au is called the open sound, the changed sound of ou, oo, and eu is called the combined sound, and this distinction is called the "opened distinction". In Kyoto and other areas, the distinction between opening and closing disappeared in the Edo period, and both were integrated into oː, and in many parts of Japan it changed in the same way and became a common language. Therefore, both "Toothpick (" Yauji "in historical kana orthography)" and "Business (" Yoji "in historical kana orthography)" are "Yoji".
On the other hand, there are some areas where the distinction between opening and closing remains. In central Echigo, Niigata prefecture, "toothpick" is "yoji [jɔːdʒi]" and "business" is "yoji [joːdʒi]". ]. Also, in the northern part of Tajima, Tottori prefecture, Shimane prefecture, Izumo, and Oki in the Sanin region, the opening sound is aː, as if "Nyoba" is called "Nyoba", and the sound is oː. It leaves a distinction. In Kyushu and Sado, Niigata Prefecture, the opening sound is oː, but the combined sound is uː, so "toothpick" is "yoji" but "business" is "yuji" [30].
Narrowing vowels [edit]
In the Ryukyu dialect, the O-dan in the mainland dialect is the U-dan. In addition, in the Okinawa Islands and Yonaguni Island, the E-dan of the mainland dialect is the I-dan, and there are three short vowels. Amami Oshima / Tokunoshima, Miyako Islands, and Yaeyama Islands (excluding Yonaguni Island) have four short vowels, keeping the distinction between I-dan and E-dan in the mainland dialect. With the exception of Yonaguni Island, all regions have long vowels in addition to these, and some regions have more vowels than the common language. [36]
Even in Kyushu, there is a tendency for narrow vowels such as e → i and o → u [37] [38] [39] [40]. In addition, only e → i is widely observed in the Izu Islands (Toshima [41], Miyakejima Tsubota [42], Niijima [43]) [44].
Example) Cloud [kumu] (Okinawa), Kim [kani] (Miyakejima Tsubota), Burning [moiru] (Toshima).
Glottal stop [edit]
In the Northern Ryukyuan dialect, the presence or absence of a glottal stop [ʔ] before a vowel or semivowel is discriminated [45]. In addition, glottal plosives [ʔ] are frequently heard in Kyushu [46] [47] [48], Ikawa, Shizuoka [49], and Narada, Yamanashi [50]. Example) [ʔami] Rain (Okinawa).
Accent [edit]
	秋田	東京	富山	京都	高知	広島	鹿児島
1類	かが	かが	かが	かあが	かが	かが	かが
2類	なが	なが	なが	なあが	なが	なが	なが
3類	きが	きが	きが	きいが	きが	きが	きが
1類	うしが	うしが	うしが	うしが	うしが	うしが	うしが
2類	おとが	おとが	おとが	おとが	おとが	おとが	おとが
			かみが※
3類	あしが	あしが	いけが	あしが	あしが	あしが	あしが
			あしが※
4類	そらが	そらが	そらが	そらが	そらが	そらが	そらが
	はしが※
5類	あめが	あめが	あめが	あめが	あめが	あめが	あめが
	はるが※		はるが※
1類	いく	いく	いく	いく	いく	いく	いく
2類	かく	かく	かく	かく	かく	かく	かく
1類	あがる	あがる	あがる	あがる	あがる	あがる	あがる
2類	うごく	うごく	うごく	五段うごく	うごく	うごく	うごく
				一段おきる
1類	かるぃ	かるい	かるい	かるい	かるい	かるい	かるぃ
2類	しろぃ	しろい	しろい	しろい	しろい	しろい	しろぃ
地域
青森県津軽・三戸郡・秋田県・岩手県北部[119][120]
青森県下北半島[119][120]
北海道・秋田県・岩手県・南奥羽方言・関東地方とその周辺[121][114]
静岡県の静岡市以東と八丈島[122]
長野県[123]
長野県（中南信とそれに接する東北信）・静岡県・愛知県・岐阜県・福井県・三重県・滋賀県・京都府北部[124][75][125][126][127][123]
近畿地方・北陸地方・新潟県・山形県（置賜除く）・青森県南部地方・岩手県北東部・長野県北端[124][119][120][128][129][123]
近畿地方・長野県南部[130][131][132][123]
中国地方・四国地方・九州地方（宮崎県・鹿児島県を除く）[124][34]
長崎県の所々・壱岐・天草[34]
熊本県南部・薩隅方言[124][133]
宮崎県、鹿児島県種子島・屋久島（「かい」は宮崎県のみ）[34]
地域
北海道、南奥羽方言から豊日方言まで[114]
北海道沿岸部・北奥羽方言・新潟県越後[114]
青森県津軽・秋田県北部[136]
青森県下北半島[136]
島根県出雲[137]
島根県隠岐[137][138]
肥筑方言・薩隅陸地部南端・薩隅離島部[34]
薩隅・佐賀県西部・長崎県中部[139][140]
沖縄県