anglais

Dialects of the Russian language

[edit | edit code]

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Go to navigation Go to search

Dialects of the Russian language on the territory of primary formation [1] [2] [3].

The basis of this map is the dialectological map compiled by K. F. Zakharova and V. G. Orlova and first published in the work "Russian Dialectology" edited by R. I. Avanesov and V. G. Orlova in 1965 [4]

Dialects of the Russian language are territorial varieties of the Russian language, combined in the traditions of Russian dialectology into two main large dialect quantities - adverbs, between which the area of ​​transitional dialects (Central Russian dialects) is located. Adverbs and transitive dialects include groups of dialects (less often subgroups of dialects are distinguished). As the values ​​of the second, additional dialectal division of the territory of the spread of the Russian language as a whole, playing an auxiliary role, dialect zones are distinguished [5].

Content

1Area

1.1 Early and Late Formation

1.2Adverbs and Central Russian dialects

2Classification

3Current situation

4History of dialects

5Linguistic characteristics

5.1Phonetics

5.1.1 Vocalism

5.2Morphology

5.3 Syntax

5.3.1 Combination

5.3.2 Simple sentence

6History of learning

7See also

8Notes

9Literature

10Links

10.1 Corpuses of dialectal speech

Range [edit | edit code]

Early and late dialects [edit | edit code]

Main article: Russian dialects of early and late formation

In dialectology, they distinguish the territory of the original Great Russian settlement (the Great Russian region of the spread of the Russian language in the 15th century), which does not include the Volga region, the Urals, Siberia, the North Caucasus, on the one hand, and the area of ​​later Russian settlement, on the other. As early as the 15th century, within the territory of the original settlement, two large groupings of dialects developed: the northern dialect and the southern dialect, characterized by a number of clear isoglossies, as well as intermediate Central Russian dialects. The territory of late formation (the Asian part of the Russian Federation, the Volga region, the Caucasus) is characterized by the absence of a clear division of dialect zones, the diversity of small areas dating back to the speech of settlers from different regions, as well as features reflecting the mixing of different dialects [6].

The dialect of the descendants of Russian colonial citizens of Russian America is still preserved in some settlements of Alaska. The main one is the Ninilchik dialect, widespread in the statistically isolated area of ​​Ninilchik on the Kenai Peninsula. This dialect has special grammatical features, there are English, Alutik and Denagin borrowings.

Areas of distribution of dialects. Dialectological map of 1914.

Adverbs and Central Russian dialects [edit | edit code]

The territory of Central Russian dialects - Pskov, Tver, Moscow, Vladimir, Ivanovsk, Nizhny Novgorod regions. To the north of this belt is the zone of the northern dialect, to the south, respectively, of the southern one.

Classification [edit | edit code]

Within the two main dialectal units (adverbs) and transitional Central Russian dialects on the territory of the primary formation, the following groups and subgroups of dialects are distinguished:

northern dialect: Ladogo-Tikhvin, Vologda, Kostroma;

Central Russian dialects: Gdov, Pskov, Vladimir-Volga;

southern dialect: Western, Upper Dnieper, Upper Desna, Kursk-Oryol, Ryazan.

Central Russian dialects, primarily Moscow ones, formed the basis of the literary Russian language.

Current situation [edit | edit code]

The degree of dialectal differences does not hinder mutual understanding of the speakers of Russian dialects. The widespread development of education and the media, large-scale migration of the population in the 20th century contributed to a sharp decline in the speakers of traditional dialects; now these are mostly rural residents of the older generation. In the speech of the urban population of different regions of Russia, there are slight differences, mainly lexical, partly also phonetic, sometimes indirectly (through vernacular) associated with the traditional dialects of this region. Russian dialects do not have a written form, their use, in contrast to the multifunctional literary language, is limited by the framework of everyday communication [7]. Elements of dialectal speech (dialectisms) are found in the works of classical and modern literature by many Russian writers [8], they are used to characterize characters, create local color and other purposes. The presence of dialectisms is characteristic of the works of V. I. Belov [9], V. G. Rasputin, V. P. Astafiev, M. A. Sholokhov, P. P. Bazhov, B. V. Shergin and other Russian writers. The variety of Russian dialects is reflected in numerous works of Russian folklore [7]. Folklore is used in contemporary art: folklore recordings in Russian dialects form the basis of the work of the Ivan-Kupala group.

History of dialects [edit | edit code]

Russian principalities at the beginning of the 13th century

The formation of modern Russian dialect groups occurred as a result of various kinds of interactions, transformations and rearrangements of the dialects of the Old Russian language [10]. Thus, the northern dialect developed as a result of inter-dialectal contacts between the Novgorod and Rostov-Suzdal settlers, who were mastering the Russian North from the 12th-13th centuries [11]. In the process of separate development by the 17th-18th centuries, certain features of Novgorod and Rostov-Suzdal origin were equally fixed in the Northern Russian dialects, and their own dialect innovations were also formed [12]. Western and eastern Central Russian dialects developed within the more ancient parts of the territory of the Novgorod and Rostov-Suzdal lands. At the same time, the decisive role in the development of the "transitional character" of these dialects was played by their interaction with the southern Russian dialect region, which moved the southern Novgorod and Rostov-Suzdal territories from the northern [13]. Unlike the northern dialect, which developed during the late East Slavic colonization, the southern dialects are directly related to the trends in the linguistic development of the population of the previous historical period. The linguistic innovations that swept the southern Russian lands, primarily the Chernigov land and Ryazan, which gravitated towards it, initially opposed the southern dialects to all the other Old Russian dialects of a more northern localization. Gradually, the Smolensk-Polotsk dialects entered the sphere of influence of the South Russian dialect, as a result of which the modern area of ​​the southern dialect of the Russian language was formed, connected by a wide strip of transitional dialects with the dialects of the Belarusian language [14].

Linguistic characteristics [edit | edit code]

Phonetics [edit | edit code]

Vocalism [edit | edit code]

In Russian dialects, the following systems of vocalism are distinguished [15] [16]:

Five-phoneme (the most common, including the minimum number of phonemes (/ a /, / o /, / y /, / and /, / e /), the same as in the Russian literary language);

Six-phonemes (including the same five phonemes and / ê / - "e closed");

Semiphonemic (/ ê / and / ô / - "about closed" are added to five phonemes).

Средний

а

In Russian dialects, there are two main types of unstressed vocalism - okanie and acanie [17]:

Okane (in the broad sense) - distinguishing at least part of vowel phonemes of non-upper ascent in unstressed syllables. It is a characteristic feature of the Northern Russian dialect.

Akane (in a broad sense) - non-distinction of vowel phonemes of non-upper ascent in unstressed syllables. Characterizes the South Russian dialect and literary language.

Morphology [edit | edit code]

Main article: Morphology of Russian dialects

Syntax [edit | edit code]

Main article: Syntax of Russian dialects

In contrast to phonetics and morphology, the syntactic structure of Russian dialects is characterized by greater unity. Dialectal differences are formed due to a small number of syntactic phenomena, while the main part of syntactic structures in dialects is common to them, features of syntax in dialects, as a rule, coincide with features of territorially unrestricted Russian literary language and vernacular [18].

Collocation [edit | edit code]

Among the types of syntactic communication on which the construction of models of phrases is based, in the linguistic complexes of individual dialect associations, differences are found only in management, the models of phrases organized on the basis of agreement and adherence are all-Russian [18].

Dialectal differences in phrases with prepositions can be formed due to their use in combination with nouns in the same meaning, but in different cases (prepositions mimo, vozle, next to nouns in the accusative pad: passed the forest, do not go on a river, sit down poddle grandmother, etc.); due to the use of prepositions unknown in other dialect associations (double prepositions for, for, for, for, over; prepositions ob обаpol (ob́pola, ob́pola), suprotiv (suproti, nasuprotiv), etc.) [19]; due to the use of some prepositions in accordance with other prepositions (prepositions with or з in the meaning of с, from: get out of the woods, etc.) [20] [21]. The differences in non-sentence phrases include the use of a direct object in the form of a nominative pad with transitive verbs. units the number of nouns for wives. kind with the ending -а: mow the grass, bring water, etc .; and also in the form of pl. the number of animate nouns: it's time to milk the goats, the old people feel sorry for the need, etc .; and very rarely in the form of units. number husband. kind of animate nouns: it is necessary to buy a bull, etc. [22] [23] Dialectal differences can be formed due to the expression of a different range of semantic relations in the same word combinations: verb combinations with nouns in the accusative pad. and prepositions for and in, expressing object-target relationships: to go to the neighbor, went to the topor, to go to the berries, etc.; phrases with nouns in the form of the genitive pad. with the preposition to: I will go to the river, I went to the doctor, etc .; phrases with nouns in the prepositional pad. with the preposition about (about), expressing temporal relations: about the pancakes baked about the buttermilk, about the mae, she will be home, etc.; the same phrases with nouns in the accusative pad., expressing spatial relations: we live about the river, about the isbu, and so on. [21] [24]

Simple sentence [edit | edit code]

Dialectal differences in the composition of the structural schemes of a simple sentence are characteristic of one-part sentences and such two-part sentences in which the predicate is expressed by an unchangeable word (adverb, unchangeable participial or adverbial form) [25].

The schemes of simple sentences that characterize individual dialect associations include short passive participles and participles that are consistently used in a perfect meaning (which expresses a state that is the result of an action completed earlier): I climbed onto the stove, she's already dressed, that train has gone, the apples are already ripe, etc. [23] [26] [27] In a number of Russian dialects there are sentence schemes with the verb to be in combination with the infinitive of a significant verb: to be rainy to go; with predicative adverbs in combination with a noun in the nominative or accusative pad: we she sama nado, the guys from afar were heard, etc .; with nouns in genitive pad. and verbs in the form of the 3rd person singular. numbers expressing signs not related to quantity: we have such pessen, every nation has traveled here, but do you have a father? etc. [28]; with word forms there is (e) both without the conjugated verb, and with the verb: his wife is the secretary, so is your husband alive? so and so silent more and more, etc. [23] [29] Dialectal differences in the schemes of simple sentences associated with the use of particles include: the presence in sentences without interrogative pronouns or adverbs of interrogative particles ti, chi: ti bachila it? bread chi nado? etc.; the presence or absence in a number of dialects of the particle that, known in the literary language, used to highlight individual words: the use of coordinated post-positive particles in the dialects of the northeastern localization from, that, that, that, those, that, you; the use of a generalized particle or its absence in other dialects [30]; sentences without a negative particle are not: nothing is said to him, they will take me nowhere, etc. [23] [31]

Study history [edit | edit code]

Back in the 18th century, M.V. Lomonosov in his "Russian grammar" [32] wrote: "The Russian language <main> can be divided into three dialects: 1) Moscow, 2) Pomor, 3) Little Russian", but the mass interest in Russian dialects among scientists appeared only from the middle of the 19th century. This period includes the beginning of the formation of Russian dialectology, the first steps of which are associated with the names of A. Kh. Vostokov, II Sreznevsky, VI Dal and others [33]. Among the options for dividing the Russian language proposed at that time (the concept of N.I. Nadezhdin, M.A.Maksimovich, etc. [34]), the most famous version of V.I.Dal [35], in which he singled out the main dialects (northern and east okay and west and south aka), as well as mixed: Siberian, Novorossiysk and Don [34].

The further development of Russian dialectology in the late XIX - early XX centuries is associated primarily with the activities of such scientists as A. A. Potebnya, A. I. Sobolevsky, A. A. Shakhmatov, N. N. Durnovo [33]. The result of many years of work by the Moscow Dialectological Commission, created with the assistance of A. A. Shakhmatov in 1903, was the dialectological map of the Russian language, compiled in 1914 and published in 1915 [36]. This map showed the territories of the distribution of the North Great Russian, South Great Russian [~ 1], Belarusian and Little Russian dialects [37]. Most linguists of the 19th - early 20th centuries, relying on "the ethnological views that prevailed until 1917, which were radically revised in the post-revolutionary era" [38], the Little Russian (Little Russian) dialect and the Belarusian dialect (now allocated as Ukrainian and Belarusian). The general level of development of dialectology at the beginning of the 20th century, the unevenness and insufficient data collected, as a rule, by non-specialists, complicated the work on the map, but in general its authors (N.N.Durnovo, N.N.Sokolov, and D.N.Ushakov) are correct outlined the composition and location of dialectal quantities: adverbs and groups of dialects, correctly chose the supporting features for highlighting dialectal units and substantiated the special position of Central Russian dialects in the dialectal division of the Russian language [37].

The 1920s-1930s in Russian dialectology are marked by the works of E.F. Karsky, N.M. Karinsky, A.M.Selishchev, V.I.Chernyshev, I.G. Golanov, A.N. Gvozdev, P.S. Kuznetsova, BA Larina [33]. The post-war period is associated primarily with the development of the theory of linguistic geography, work on collecting material for compiling a dialectological atlas of the Russian language in 1945-1965 (about 5 thousand settlements were surveyed according to a special "Program of collecting information for compiling a dialectological atlas of the Russian language") [39 ], compiled by KF Zakharova and VG Orlova based on the analysis of the data obtained from a new dialectological map of the Russian language [40]. This period in the development of Russian dialectology is associated with the works of R. I. Avanesov and other Soviet linguists. Along with theoretical works on Russian dialectology, linguists collected extensive lexical material and published dictionaries of a large number of Russian dialects.

...